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Muslim women, knowledge and dawah

Seeking knowledge is a duty on every Muslim, man and woman alike; from the Prophet’s ﷺ era Islam opened for women the doors of learning, teaching, religious expertise and participation in dawah. Aisha (may God be pleased with her) was one of the ummah’s foremost authorities in law and hadith; women questioned the Prophet ﷺ directly in study circles; and leading scholars learned from women hadith-transmitters across fourteen centuries. Women in Islam are not excluded from knowledge or dawah — they have a long, documented history in both.

Seeking knowledge is a duty for men and women

Hadith
طَلَبُ الْعِلْمِ فَرِيضَةٌ عَلَىٰ كُلِّ مُسْلِمٍ

“Seeking knowledge is an obligation upon every Muslim.” — and the word “Muslim” covers men and women alike.

Sunan Ibn Majah 224
Quran
إِنَّ ٱلۡمُسۡلِمِينَ وَٱلۡمُسۡلِمَٰتِ وَٱلۡمُؤۡمِنِينَ وَٱلۡمُؤۡمِنَٰتِ وَٱلۡقَٰنِتِينَ وَٱلۡقَٰنِتَٰتِ وَٱلصَّٰدِقِينَ وَٱلصَّٰدِقَٰتِ وَٱلصَّٰبِرِينَ وَٱلصَّٰبِرَٰتِ وَٱلۡخَٰشِعِينَ وَٱلۡخَٰشِعَٰتِ وَٱلۡمُتَصَدِّقِينَ وَٱلۡمُتَصَدِّقَٰتِ وَٱلصَّٰٓئِمِينَ وَٱلصَّٰٓئِمَٰتِ وَٱلۡحَٰفِظِينَ فُرُوجَهُمۡ وَٱلۡحَٰفِظَٰتِ وَٱلذَّٰكِرِينَ ٱللَّهَ كَثِيرٗا وَٱلذَّٰكِرَٰتِ أَعَدَّ ٱللَّهُ لَهُم مَّغۡفِرَةٗ وَأَجۡرًا عَظِيمٗا

Воистину, мусульмане и мусульманки, уверовавшие мужчины и уверовавшие женщины, покорные мужчины и покорные женщины, правдивые мужчины и правдивые женщины, терпеливые мужчины и терпеливые женщины, смиренные мужчины и смиренные женщины, делающие пожертвования мужчины и делающие пожертвования женщины, постящиеся мужчины и постящиеся женщины, оберегающие свои половые органы мужчины и оберегающие свои половые органы женщины, часто поминающие Аллаха мужчины и часто поминающие Аллаха женщины — Аллах уготовил для них прощение и великую награду.

Surah Al-Ahzab 33:35
Hadith
طُوبَىٰ لِنِسَاءِ الْأَنْصَارِ، لَمْ يَمْنَعْهُنَّ حَيَاؤُهُنَّ أَنْ يَتَفَقَّهْنَ فِي الدِّينِ

“How excellent the women of the Ansar are! Their shyness did not prevent them from learning their religion in depth.”

Sahih Muslim 132

The Prophet’s ﷺ school: women asked and learned

Women attended the mosque, joined study circles and asked the Prophet ﷺ directly; some argued their own legal cases until the Quran answered them — as with Khawlah bint Tha’labah, whose plea about her husband was affirmed by revelation. The Mothers of the Believers became authorities consulted without embarrassment after the Prophet’s ﷺ death.

Quran
قَدۡ سَمِعَ ٱللَّهُ قَوۡلَ ٱلَّتِي تُجَٰدِلُكَ فِي زَوۡجِهَا وَتَشۡتَكِيٓ إِلَى ٱللَّهِ وَٱللَّهُ يَسۡمَعُ تَحَاوُرَكُمَآۚ إِنَّ ٱللَّهَ سَمِيعُۢ بَصِيرٌ

ДДействительно, Аллах услышал слова той, которая пререкалась с тобой о своём муже и жаловалась Аллаху, тогда как Аллах слышит ваш разговор. Воистину, Аллах — слышащий, видящий.

Surah Al-Mujadila 58:1
Quran
يَٰٓأَيُّهَا ٱلنَّبِيُّ إِذَا جَآءَكَ ٱلۡمُؤۡمِنَٰتُ يُبَايِعۡنَكَ عَلَىٰٓ أَن لَّا يُشۡرِكۡنَ بِٱللَّهِ شَيۡـٔٗا وَلَا يَسۡرِقۡنَ وَلَا يَزۡنِينَ وَلَا يَقۡتُلۡنَ أَوۡلَٰدَهُنَّ وَلَا يَأۡتِينَ بِبُهۡتَٰنٖ يَفۡتَرِينَهُۥ بَيۡنَ أَيۡدِيهِنَّ وَأَرۡجُلِهِنَّ وَلَا يَعۡصِينَكَ فِي مَعۡرُوفٖ فَبَايِعۡهُنَّ وَٱسۡتَغۡفِرۡ لَهُنَّ ٱللَّهَۚ إِنَّ ٱللَّهَ غَفُورٞ رَّحِيمٞ

О Пророк! Когда к тебе приходят верующие женщины, присягая тебе в том, что не будут придавать Аллаху ничего в сотоварищи, не будут воровать, не будут прелюбодействовать, не будут убивать своих детей, не будут возводить клевету, которую измышляют между своими руками и ногами, и не будут ослушиваться тебя в одобряемом, — прими их присягу и проси для них прощения у Аллаха. Воистину, Аллах — прощающий, милующий.

Surah Al-Mumtahanah 60:12

Aisha and the women scholars of the ummah

Aisha bint Abi Bakr (may God be pleased with them both) ranks among the greatest authorities of the ummah: al-Bukhari, Muslim and the Sunan collections narrate some two thousand hadiths through her, and the Companions and their successors sought rulings from her on the Prophet’s ﷺ private life, Quran commentary, law and poetry. After her, women hadith-masters and jurists appeared in every century, some held up as models of memory and precision in transmission.

  • Karima Umm Ahmad al-Marwaziyya (d. 463 AH): a transmitter of Sahih al-Bukhari in Mecca, from whom leading scholars took hadith (Dhahabi’s Siyar A’lam al-Nubala).
  • Shuhdah bint al-Ibari (d. 573 AH): heard from al-Khatib al-Baghdadi and others, taught in Baghdad and granted licences to senior scholars (Ibn al-Muqarram’s al-Dhayl wa-l-Takmila).
  • Zaynab bint Umar ibn al-Kamal (d. 740 AH): Damascus master of transmitters, from whom thousands of scholars — including the hafiz Ibn Hajar — took hadith (Ibn Hajar’s al-Durar al-Kamina).

Women in dawah

Quran
وَٱلۡمُؤۡمِنُونَ وَٱلۡمُؤۡمِنَٰتُ بَعۡضُهُمۡ أَوۡلِيَآءُ بَعۡضٖۚ يَأۡمُرُونَ بِٱلۡمَعۡرُوفِ وَيَنۡهَوۡنَ عَنِ ٱلۡمُنكَرِ وَيُقِيمُونَ ٱلصَّلَوٰةَ وَيُؤۡتُونَ ٱلزَّكَوٰةَ وَيُطِيعُونَ ٱللَّهَ وَرَسُولَهُۥٓۚ أُوْلَٰٓئِكَ سَيَرۡحَمُهُمُ ٱللَّهُۗ إِنَّ ٱللَّهَ عَزِيزٌ حَكِيمٞ

Верующие мужчины и верующие женщины — покровители друг другу. Они повелевают одобряемое и удерживают от предосудительного, совершают молитву должным образом, выплачивают закят и повинуются Аллаху и Его Посланнику. Таких Аллах помилует. Воистину, Аллах — могущественный, мудрый.

Surah At-Tawbah 9:71

The plural wording of the verse on enjoining good includes women with men: each is an ally of the other in goodness. Women took dawah seriously from the first generation; the Prophet’s ﷺ biography is incomplete without their names.

  • Nusaybah Umm Amarah: at Uhud she served water and treated the wounded, then defended the Prophet ﷺ with her sword until wounded (Ibn Hisham’s Sira; Ibn Hajar’s al-Isabah).
  • Al-Shifa bint Abdillah: taught Hafsah to write, and Umar ibn al-Khattab appointed her supervisor of the Medina market (Ibn Hajar’s al-Isabah).
  • Umm Sulaym Sahbah bint Milhan: narrated hadith, taught women and took part in community affairs (Dhahabi’s Siyar A’lam al-Nubala).

Today every Muslim woman can take part in dawah: through good conduct before words, by walking with new Muslim women in their learning, and by a home that presents Islam to people in its best light.

Частые вопросы

Is a woman required to learn her religion?

Yes; learning the minimum required for worship and dealings is a personal duty on her as on men — Ibn Majah’s hadith “seeking knowledge is a duty on every Muslim” covers both.

Did women learn in the mosque?

Yes; they attended prayer and study circles in the Prophet’s ﷺ and the Companions’ era, and Muslim 442 commands facilitating that.

May a woman travel to study without a mahram?

There are contemporary differences: many scholars allow travel for study or need given the circumstances; others apply further conditions. Present your situation to a trusted Islamic centre.

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