The time and limits of the fast
The fast begins when dawn becomes clear and ends at sunset:
أُحِلَّ لَكُمۡ لَيۡلَةَ ٱلصِّيَامِ ٱلرَّفَثُ إِلَىٰ نِسَآئِكُمۡۚ هُنَّ لِبَاسٞ لَّكُمۡ وَأَنتُمۡ لِبَاسٞ لَّهُنَّۗ عَلِمَ ٱللَّهُ أَنَّكُمۡ كُنتُمۡ تَخۡتَانُونَ أَنفُسَكُمۡ فَتَابَ عَلَيۡكُمۡ وَعَفَا عَنكُمۡۖ فَٱلۡـَٰٔنَ بَٰشِرُوهُنَّ وَٱبۡتَغُواْ مَا كَتَبَ ٱللَّهُ لَكُمۡۚ وَكُلُواْ وَٱشۡرَبُواْ حَتَّىٰ يَتَبَيَّنَ لَكُمُ ٱلۡخَيۡطُ ٱلۡأَبۡيَضُ مِنَ ٱلۡخَيۡطِ ٱلۡأَسۡوَدِ مِنَ ٱلۡفَجۡرِۖ ثُمَّ أَتِمُّواْ ٱلصِّيَامَ إِلَى ٱلَّيۡلِۚ وَلَا تُبَٰشِرُوهُنَّ وَأَنتُمۡ عَٰكِفُونَ فِي ٱلۡمَسَٰجِدِۗ تِلۡكَ حُدُودُ ٱللَّهِ فَلَا تَقۡرَبُوهَاۗ كَذَٰلِكَ يُبَيِّنُ ٱللَّهُ ءَايَٰتِهِۦ لِلنَّاسِ لَعَلَّهُمۡ يَتَّقُونَ斋戒的夜间，准你们和妻室交接。她们是你们的衣服，你们是她们的衣服。安拉已知道你们自欺，而恕饶你们，赦免你们。现在，你们可以和她们交接，可以求安拉为你们注定的〔子女〕，可以吃，可以饮，至黎明时天边的黑线和白线对你们截然划分。然后整日斋戒，至于夜间。你们在清真寺里幽居的时候，不要和她们交接。这是安拉的法度，你们不要临近它。安拉这样为世人阐明他的迹象，以便他们敬畏。
What breaks the fast
- Eating or drinking deliberately.
- Intercourse during the day of Ramadan, which requires make-up and expiation (kaffarah).
- Deliberate vomiting (involuntary vomiting does not break it, per the majority).
- Menstruation and postpartum bleeding: women do not fast and make up the days later.
What does not break the fast
Whoever eats or drinks forgetfully, his fast is valid:
إِذَا نَسِيَ فَأَكَلَ وَشَرِبَ فَلْيُتِمَّ صَوْمَهُ، فَإِنَّمَا أَطْعَمَهُ اللَّهُ وَسَقَاهُIf one forgets and eats or drinks, let him complete his fast, for God has fed him and given him drink.
- Using the siwak or brushing teeth without swallowing water.
- Bathing, cooling oneself and smelling perfume.
- Contemporary scholars differ on blood tests, eye drops and non-nutritional injections; most hold they do not break the fast, while some are cautious. Ask a trusted scholar about your case.
Who may not fast
The sick and the traveller may break the fast and make up the days later:
شَهۡرُ رَمَضَانَ ٱلَّذِيٓ أُنزِلَ فِيهِ ٱلۡقُرۡءَانُ هُدٗى لِّلنَّاسِ وَبَيِّنَٰتٖ مِّنَ ٱلۡهُدَىٰ وَٱلۡفُرۡقَانِۚ فَمَن شَهِدَ مِنكُمُ ٱلشَّهۡرَ فَلۡيَصُمۡهُۖ وَمَن كَانَ مَرِيضًا أَوۡ عَلَىٰ سَفَرٖ فَعِدَّةٞ مِّنۡ أَيَّامٍ أُخَرَۗ يُرِيدُ ٱللَّهُ بِكُمُ ٱلۡيُسۡرَ وَلَا يُرِيدُ بِكُمُ ٱلۡعُسۡرَ وَلِتُكۡمِلُواْ ٱلۡعِدَّةَ وَلِتُكَبِّرُواْ ٱللَّهَ عَلَىٰ مَا هَدَىٰكُمۡ وَلَعَلَّكُمۡ تَشۡكُرُونَ赖买丹月中，开始降示《古兰经》，指导世人，昭示明证，以便遵循正道，分别真伪，故你们中谁遇此月中，他就应当斋戒。害病或旅行的人，当依所缺的日数补斋。安拉要你们便利，不要你们困难，以便你们补足所缺的日数，以便你们赞颂安拉引导你们，以便你们感谢。
Those who cannot fast permanently due to old age or a chronic illness feed a poor person for each day (fidyah):
أَيَّامٗا مَّعۡدُودَٰتٖۚ فَمَن كَانَ مِنكُم مَّرِيضًا أَوۡ عَلَىٰ سَفَرٖ فَعِدَّةٞ مِّنۡ أَيَّامٍ أُخَرَۚ وَعَلَى ٱلَّذِينَ يُطِيقُونَهُۥ فِدۡيَةٞ طَعَامُ مِسۡكِينٖۖ فَمَن تَطَوَّعَ خَيۡرٗا فَهُوَ خَيۡرٞ لَّهُۥۚ وَأَن تَصُومُواْ خَيۡرٞ لَّكُمۡ إِن كُنتُمۡ تَعۡلَمُونَ〔故你们当斋戒〕有数的若干日。你们中有害病或旅行的人，当依所缺的日数补斋。难以斋戒者，当纳罚赎，即以一餐饭，施给一个贫民。自愿行善者，必获更多的善报。斋戒对于你们是更好的，如果你们知道。
Pregnant and nursing women
إِنَّ اللَّهَ وَضَعَ عَنِ الْمُسَافِرِ الصَّوْمَ وَشَطْرَ الصَّلَاةِ، وَعَنِ الْحَامِلِ أَوِ الْمُرْضِعِ الصَّوْمَGod has lifted fasting from the traveller, and half of the prayer, and fasting from the pregnant or nursing woman.
The schools differ: Hanafis say make-up only; Shafi‘is and Hanbalis say make-up plus fidyah if she fears only for her child; Malikis say the pregnant woman makes up while the nursing woman makes up and feeds a poor person. Consult a trusted scholar and your doctor.
Make-up and expiation
- Make-up (qada): missed days are made up before the next Ramadan.
- Expiation for deliberate intercourse in a Ramadan day: freeing a slave; if not possible, fasting two consecutive months; if not possible, feeding sixty poor people, along with make-up. (Al-Bukhari 1936, Muslim 1111)
常见问题
Can I shower while fasting?
Yes, with care not to swallow water.
Should I fast while travelling?
You may break the fast and make it up; many scholars say fasting is better if it does not cause hardship.
原文和译文正在接受学者审阅。