关于伊斯兰教的常见问题

“安拉”是阿拉伯语中对独一造物主的称呼，说阿拉伯语的基督徒也使用这个词。穆斯林相信，祂是易卜拉欣（亚伯拉罕）、穆萨（摩西）和尔撒（耶稣）的主：独一无偶，无物可比。

穆斯林相信麦尔彦之子尔撒是最伟大的先知和使者之一，由贞女麦尔彦奇迹般地无父而生，并得到奇迹的支持。他们不相信他是神或神的儿子。不信他的人不能成为穆斯林。

《古兰经》是安拉的言语，通过天使吉卜利勒在23年间以阿拉伯语降示给穆罕默德ﷺ。穆斯林相信它完全按照降示时的样子被保存下来。它共有114章。

不。穆斯林只崇拜安拉。克尔白是所有穆斯林礼拜时面向的方向（朝向），它使穆斯林团结一致。穆罕默德ﷺ是安拉的仆人和使者——受爱戴和追随，但绝不被崇拜。

在伊斯兰中，女性与男性在人性、尊严和在安拉那里的回报上是平等的，各有权利和义务。早在1400多年前，伊斯兰就赋予女性拥有财产、继承、求学和选择丈夫的权利。

不。伊斯兰禁止杀害无辜，并视之为最严重的罪行之一：“除因复仇或在地方上作乱外，凡枉杀一人的，如杀众人”（筵席章 5:32，经义）。个别人的行为并不代表宗教的教导。

因为安拉规定了它为主命。它让穆斯林整天与主保持联系，并提醒他：人生有比日常琐事更大的目标。

斋戒是安拉规定的功修，为的是培养敬畏。它锻炼自制力，唤起对穷人的同情，也是诵读《古兰经》和祈祷的月份。

她戴头巾是为了遵从安拉关于端庄的命令，也是对自身信仰和身份的表达。男子同样被要求衣着端庄、降低视线。

清真（哈拉勒）意思是合法的、被允许的。就食物而言，是安拉所允许的：例如猪肉和酒是被禁止的，肉类必须按伊斯兰方式并念安拉之名宰牲。

Muslims honour Jesus (ʿĪsā) as one of God’s greatest messengers, born miraculously to the Virgin Mary without a father. They believe God supported him with miracles, and that he called people to worship God alone. Muslims do not believe he is God or the Son of God, or that he was crucified, and they believe he will return before the end of time.

Yes. The word Islam comes from a root meaning peace and submission to God, and Muslims greet each other with “peace be upon you.” Islam forbids killing innocents and aggression, and permits self-defence under strict rules. Peace does not mean accepting injustice, and anyone who commits violence in religion’s name contradicts its own texts.

No. Muslims believe the Quran is preserved exactly as it was revealed to Prophet Muhammad ﷺ. It was memorised and written during his lifetime, gathered into one volume under Abu Bakr, and copied into standard codices under Uthman. It is still recited worldwide through unbroken chains of transmission, with one agreed text.

Islam is the religion of pure monotheism: belief in one God, Allah, the Creator of everything, and surrendering to Him through worship and obedience. Muslims believe it was the message of all prophets, from Adam, Noah and Abraham to Moses and Jesus, completed with Muhammad ﷺ and the Quran. About two billion people, roughly a quarter of humanity, are Muslim.

“Allah” is simply the Arabic word for the one God, and Arabic-speaking Christians use it too in their Bibles and prayers. Muslims believe the God of Abraham, Moses and Jesus is the God they worship, while differing with Judaism and Christianity about aspects of His nature, such as the Trinity and the sonship of Jesus, which are real points of theological disagreement.

The five pillars of Islam are: the declaration of faith (there is no god but God and Muhammad is the Messenger of God), establishing the five daily prayers, paying zakat (obligatory charity), fasting in Ramadan, and pilgrimage to Makkah for those able to go. The Prophet ﷺ described them as the foundation of the religion, joining devotion to God, kindness to people and self-discipline.

You become a Muslim by sincerely declaring the Shahada: “I bear witness that there is no god but God, and I bear witness that Muhammad is the Messenger of God.” You do not need a witness, a special place or a particular language; you can say it privately to God. After that you learn prayer and the rules gradually, and it helps to connect with Muslims who can support you.

Muslims pray five times a day because God prescribed it, and it is the most direct link between a person and their Lord. The prayers are spread through the day (dawn, noon, afternoon, sunset and night), keeping a person mindful of God, bringing calm and order, and reminding them that all of life belongs to Him.

Halal means permitted by God, and in food the default is that things are permitted. What is forbidden: pork, carrion, flowing blood, meat offered to anything other than God, and intoxicants. Meat must be slaughtered mentioning God’s name. Muslims avoid the forbidden out of obedience to God, and for the care of body and mind.

Muslim women who wear the hijab do so out of obedience to God’s command to dress modestly, and as an expression of faith, identity and dignity. The majority of Muslim scholars hold it is obligatory, while a few contemporary voices differ. Islam also insists faith cannot be forced: the measure of belief is the heart, not a garment.

The Quran is the word of God revealed to Prophet Muhammad ﷺ through the angel Jibril over about 23 years, in Arabic, and Muslims believe it is the final scripture and is preserved. It has 114 chapters (surahs), is recited as an act of worship, and is guidance for belief, ethics and law.

The Sunnah is what is authentically reported from Prophet Muhammad ﷺ in word, action, approval or description, and a hadith is the narration that carries it. It is the second source of Islamic guidance after the Quran, explaining and detailing it. Hadith were recorded with chains of narrators and graded by scholars as sound, good or weak.

Sunni and Shia Muslims share belief in one God, the Quran, the prophethood of Muhammad ﷺ and the pillars of Islam. They differ historically over who should lead after the Prophet ﷺ: Sunnis hold the community chose Abu Bakr, while Shia believe Ali, may God be pleased with him, and a line of imams from the Prophet’s family had the right. Pew estimates Shia at about 10–13% of Muslims.

Muslims believe this life is a test, that every person dies and will be resurrected on the Day of Judgment and judged justly for their deeds. Those with faith and righteous deeds enter Paradise by God’s mercy, while those who chose disbelief and injustice face Hell. Details such as the barzakh, the scale and the bridge are established in authentic texts.

Muhammad son of Abdullah ﷺ is the final prophet and messenger in Islam. Born in Makkah around 570 CE, he received revelation at forty, called people to worship God alone for 23 years, migrated to Madinah and passed away in 632 CE. Before prophethood he was known as “the Truthful, the Trustworthy,” and the Quran describes him as a mercy to the worlds.

Muslims face the Kaaba in Makkah because God commanded it, which unites them worldwide in one direction. The Kaaba is not worshipped: it is the House of God built by Abraham and Ishmael, peace be upon them, and Muslims worship God alone wherever they are.

Linguistically, jihad means striving. In Islam it includes striving against the self to obey God, striving with knowledge, words and wealth, and defensive fighting bound by strict conditions: repelling aggression under legitimate authority, never harming non-combatants. It is not a name for killing innocents, and those who do so contradict Islam’s texts.

No. The Quran states plainly that there is “no compulsion in religion”: faith is a conviction of the heart and is not valid if forced. Followers of other religions lived under Muslim rule for centuries while keeping their faith, and any compulsion in history or today contradicts Islam’s texts.

Zakat is a pillar of Islam: an obligatory share of wealth owed by those who have enough to the poor and the other categories named in the Quran. It is 2.5% of savings, cash, gold and trade goods once they reach the nisab (the value of 85 grams of gold) and have been held for a lunar year, after deducting due debts.

Hajj is a pillar of Islam: travelling to Makkah to perform set rites in the days of Dhul-Hijjah, required once in a lifetime for those able. Umrah is a visit to Makkah for ihram, tawaf and sa‘i that may be done at any time of the year. The central day of Hajj is Arafah, the ninth of Dhul-Hijjah.

It is established in Sahih al-Bukhari that the Prophet ﷺ contracted the marriage with Aisha, may Allah be pleased with her, when she was six and the marriage began when she was nine. It was common in her time and none of his opponents objected to it. It should be understood in its historical context, not by today’s standards.

Islam does not permit harming a wife. The verse most often cited is An-Nisa 4:34, which many scholars explain as a last, symbolic step that leaves no mark and causes no pain. The Prophet ﷺ never struck a woman and said, “The best of you are the best to their families.”

The Quran permits up to four wives on the condition of justice, restricting a practice that had no limit before Islam. A single wife is the norm in Muslim families; polygyny is an exception with conditions, and many countries regulate or restrict it.

Surat at-Tawbah 9:5 was revealed about idolaters who broke their treaty and started fighting; its context is war, not a general call. It excepted those who keep treaties and those who seek safety, and orders that they be escorted to security. The Quran also commands kindness and justice toward peaceful people, so the verse must not be read apart from its context.

Slavery was a worldwide institution before Islam. Islam did not originate it; it restricted its sources, made freeing slaves one of the greatest acts of worship, opened many routes to freedom and commanded kind treatment. It also forbade enslaving free people outside of war. Today slavery is outlawed in international and Muslim-country laws.

Scholars differ on this. The Quran affirms freedom of belief and names no worldly penalty for leaving Islam, while a hadith says, “Whoever changes his religion, kill him.” Some limit it to treason and rebellion against the community in wartime; others held a penalty for open apostasy. No one may be forced into Islam.

Judgment of individuals belongs to Allah alone. Muslims hold that whoever received a clear, true message and rejected it stubbornly is accountable to Allah, while the one it never reached, or reached distorted, is in the hands of the Merciful and Just. The Quran gives glad tidings of reward to the righteous of every community.

Muslims hold the Quran to be revelation from Allah. The Prophet ﷺ was unlettered, able neither to read nor write, and was not known before prophethood for eloquence or learning from books. The Quran challenged the Arabs, masters of eloquence, to produce its like and they could not, and its text has been preserved unchanged to this day.

No. The Quran treats killing an innocent person as killing all of humanity, and the Prophet ﷺ forbade killing women, children and those under a treaty. What extremist groups do in killing civilians contradicts the texts of Islam and has been condemned by leading Muslim scholars and institutions.

War in Islam is restricted: it is only to defend life and faith or to repel injustice. Civilians may not be attacked, the killing of women, children, the elderly and monks is forbidden, as are mutilating bodies and destroying crops and trees without need. Whoever seeks peace is answered with peace.

It is not a general rule in all cases: a woman inherits equal to a man in some cases, more in others and half in some. The reasoning is that a man is obliged to maintain his family, while a woman’s wealth is her own and she is not required to spend it even on herself. Before Islam women were deprived of inheritance altogether.

Islam prohibits sexual relations outside marriage between a man and a woman, which includes same-sex acts, and treats it as a sin like others between a person and his Lord. It does not permit assaulting, harming or despising anyone: all people are honoured, and judgment of deeds belongs to Allah alone.

Islam teaches that this world is a place of testing, not of final recompense: Allah created death and life to test people, and suffering carries wisdom we may or may not see. He is just and never wrongs anyone, and the Hereafter will redress every wrong and reward the patient.

There is no conflict between Islam and empirical science. The Quran calls for reflection on the universe and raises the rank of the learned, and the sciences flourished in Islamic civilisation for centuries. The Quran is a book of guidance, not an experimental science text, and matters of the unseen are taken from revelation.

它的意思是只顺从安拉，与“萨拉姆”（和平）同一词根。

五项：作证言、礼拜、天课、斋月封斋，以及有能力者的朝觐。

六项：信安拉、信天使、信经典、信使者、信末日和信前定。

不是。穆斯林相信这是所有先知带来的同一个独一神的讯息，由穆罕默德ﷺ最终完成。

这不是你的伊斯兰成立的条件。日后办理婚姻或朝觐等事务时，你可能需要一份正式证书，清真寺或伊斯兰中心可以出具。

不必——除非名字的意思违背伊斯兰，例如意为“某某（非真主）之仆”的名字。

以善意和尊重相待。安拉在谈到父母时说：“……在今世，你应当善待他们”（鲁格曼章 31:15，经义）。

完全没有问题。伊斯兰属于所有人，你会逐步学会礼拜所需的阿拉伯语。

在麦加，“象年”，约公元570年。

它是“愿安拉赐他福安”的缩写，是穆斯林遵照安拉的命令为他所念的祝词。

不会。他是不识字的，穆斯林认为这是《古兰经》来自安拉的迹象之一。

信仰先知ﷺ并见过他、且以穆斯林身份去世的人。

艾布·伯克尔·西迪格、欧麦尔·本·哈塔布、奥斯曼·本·阿凡和阿里·本·艾比·塔利布。

Most are in the Two Sahihs or the Sunan; anything reported only by historians is marked as such. All content awaits review by an Azhar scholar.

因为关于圣门弟子的传闻很多，有些毫无根据。我们把确凿的与其余的分开，免得把不属于宗教的东西归于宗教。

它们是他诚实的迹象之一，但最大的证据是古兰经本身，以及他所带来的引导、品德与法度。信仰建立在思考与证据之上，而不只是非凡的事件。

奇迹是安拉借先知之手显现的非凡事件，用以证实该先知；卡拉马则是安拉用以尊荣其虔诚的挚友的非凡事件。

因为所传的有些并不确凿。我们把可靠的与其余的分开，免得把不属于宗教的东西归于宗教。

不能。它是介绍伊斯兰教、显示其对人们影响的个人见证；证据在于古兰经、圣训和理性思考。

我们只收录有已知公开出处的内容，避免没有出处的流传引文，因为其中许多是编造或误传的。

尽你所能地礼拜，在学会之前以“赞颂安拉、一切赞颂全归安拉、万物非主唯有安拉、安拉至大”代替，并继续努力背诵它。

朝向就是麦加克尔白的方向。你可以用手机指南针、朝向应用程序，或询问当地人来找到它。